2000 IUCN Red List of Threated Species

Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus	Species
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IUCN Red List Categories	Organization of Information	Habitat Types Authority File
Threat Types Authority File	Information Sources and Quality	Summary Statistics


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All
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Congo, The Democratic Republic of the
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
C�te d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Disputed Territory
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
France, Metropolitan
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Holy See (Vatican City State)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestinian Territory, Occupied
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
R�union
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tom� and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Taiwan, Province of China
Tajikistan
Tanzania, United Republic of
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Virgin Islands, British
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

All
Arctic Sea
Atlantic-Antarctic
Atlantic-eastern central
Atlantic-northeast
Atlantic-northwest
Atlantic-southeast
Atlantic-southwest
Atlantic-western central
Indian Ocean-Antarctic
Indian Ocean-eastern
Indian Ocean-western
Mediterranean and Black Sea
Pacific-Antarctic
Pacific-eastern central
Pacific-northeast
Pacific-northwest
Pacific-southeast
Pacific-southwest
Pacific-western central

All
1. Forest
1.1. Boreal
1.2. Subarctic
1.3. Subantarctic
1.4. Temperate
1.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
1.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist
1.7. Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove
1.8. Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
1.9. Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
2. Savanna
2.1. Dry
2.2. Moist
3. Shrubland
3.1. Subarctic
3.2. Subantarctic
3.3. Boreal
3.4. Temperate
3.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
3.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist
3.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
3.8. Shrubby Vegetation
4. Grassland
4.1. Tundra
4.2. Subarctic
4.3. Subantarctic
4.4. Temperate
4.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry Lowland
4.6. Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded Lowland
4.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
5. Wetland
5.1. Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks
5.2. Seasonal/Intermittent Rivers/Streams/Creeks
5.3. Shrub Dominated Wetlands
5.4. Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
5.5. Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
5.6. Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
5.7. Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
5.8. Seasonal/intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
5.9. Fresh Water Springs and Oases
5.10. Tundra Wetlands
5.11. Alpine Wetlands
5.12. Geothermal Wetlands
5.13. Permanent Inland Deltas
5.14. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes
5.15. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats
5.16. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.17. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.18. Karst and other Subterranean Hydrological Systems
6. Rocky Areas
7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats
7.1. Caves
7.2. Other Subterranean Habitats
8. Desert
8.1. Hot
8.2. Temperate
8.3. Cold
9. Sea
9.1. Open
9.2. Shallow
9.3. Subtidal Aquatic Beds
9.4. Coral Reefs
10. Coastline
10.1. Rocky Shores
10.2. Sand, Shingle or Pebble Shores
10.3. Estuarine Waters
10.4. Intertidal Mud, Sand or Salt Flats
10.5. Intertidal Marshes
10.6. Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons
10.7. Coastal Freshwater Lagoons
10.8. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems
11. Artificial/Terrestrial
11.1. Arable Land
11.2. Pastureland
11.3. Plantations
11.4. Rural Gardens
11.5. Urban Areas
11.6. Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
12. Artificial/Aquatic
12.1. Water Storage Areas (over 8 ha)
12.2. Ponds (below 8 ha)
12.3. Aquaculture Ponds
12.4. Salt Exploitation Sites
12.5. Excavations
12.6. Wastewater Treatment Areas
12.7. Irrigated Land
12.8. Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land
12.9. Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches
12.10. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems
13. Introduced Vegetation
14. Other
15. Unknown

All
0. No threats
1. Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced)
1.1. Agriculture
1.1.1. Crops
1.1.1.1. Shifting Agriculture
1.1.1.2. Small-holder farming
1.1.1.3. Agro-industry farming
1.1.2. Wood plantations
1.1.2.1. Small-scale
1.1.2.2. Large-scale
1.1.3. Non-timber plantations
1.1.3.1. Small-scale
1.1.3.2. Large-scale
1.1.4. Livestock
1.1.4.1. Nomadic
1.1.4.2. Small-holder
1.1.4.3. Agro-industry
1.1.5. Abandonment
1.1.6. Marine aquaculture
1.1.7. Freshwater aquaculture
1.1.8. Other
1.1.9. Unknown
1.2. Land management of non-agricultural areas
1.2.1. Abandonment
1.2.2. Change of management regime
1.2.3. Other
1.2.4. Unknown
1.3. Extraction
1.3.1. Mining
1.3.2. Fisheries
1.3.2.1. Subsistence
1.3.2.2. Artisinal/small-scale
1.3.2.3. Large-scale/industrial
1.3.3. Wood
1.3.3.1. Small-scale subsistence
1.3.3.2. Selective logging
1.3.3.3. Clear-cutting
1.3.4. Non-woody vegetation collection
1.3.5. Coral removal
1.3.6. Groundwater extraction
1.3.7. Other
1.3.8. Unknown
1.4. Infrastructure development
1.4.1. Industry
1.4.2. Human settlement
1.4.3. Tourism/recreation
1.4.4. Transport - land/air
1.4.5. Transport - water
1.4.6. Dams
1.4.7. Telecommunications
1.4.8. Power lines
1.4.9. Other
1.4.10. Unknown
1.5. Invasive alien species (directly impacting habitat)
1.6. Change in native species dynamics (directly impacting habitat)
1.7. Fires
1.8. Other causes
1.9. Unknown causes
2. Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species)
2.1. Competitors
2.2. Predators
2.3. Hybridizers
2.4. Pathogens/parasites
2.5. Other
2.6. Unknown
3. Harvesting (hunting/gathering)
3.1. Food
3.1.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.1.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.1.3. Regional/international trade
3.2. Medicine
3.2.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.2.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.2.3. Regional/international trade
3.3. Fuel
3.3.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.3.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.3.3. Regional/international trade
3.4. Materials
3.4.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.4.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.4.3. Regional/international trade
3.5. Cultural/scientific/leisure activities
3.5.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.5.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.5.3. Regional/international trade
3.6. Other
3.7. Unknown
4. Accidental mortality
4.1. Bycatch
4.1.1. Fisheries-related
4.1.1.1. Hooking
4.1.1.2. Netting
4.1.1.3. Entanglement
4.1.1.4. Dynamite
4.1.1.5. Poisoning
4.1.2. Terrestrial
4.1.2.1. Trapping/snaring/netting
4.1.2.2. Shooting
4.1.2.3. Poisoning
4.1.3. Other
4.1.4. Unknown
4.2. Collision
4.2.1. Pylon and building collision
4.2.2. Vehicle collision
4.2.3. Other
4.2.4. Unknown
4.3. Other
4.4. Unknown
5. Persecution
5.1. Pest control
5.2. Other
5.3. Unknown
6. Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species)
6.1. Atmospheric pollution
6.1.1. Global warming/oceanic warming
6.1.2. Acid precipitation
6.1.3. Ozone hole effects
6.1.4. Smog
6.1.5. Other
6.1.6. Unknown
6.2. Land pollution
6.2.1. Agriculture
6.2.2. Domestic
6.2.3. Commercial/Industrial
6.2.4. Other non-agricultural
6.2.5. Light pollution
6.2.6. Other
6.2.7. Unknown
6.3. Water pollution
6.3.1. Agriculture
6.3.2. Domestic
6.3.3. Commercial/Industrial
6.3.4. Other non-agricultural
6.3.5. Thermal pollution
6.3.6. Oil slicks
6.3.7. Sediment
6.3.8. Sewage
6.3.9. Solid waste
6.3.10. Noise pollution
6.3.11. Other
6.3.12. Unknown
6.4. Other
6.5. Unknown
7. Natural disasters
7.1. Drought
7.2. Storms/flooding
7.3. Temperature extremes
7.4. Wildfire
7.5. Volcanoes
7.6. Avalanches/landslides
7.7. Other
7.8. Unknown
8. Changes in native species dynamics
8.1. Competitors
8.2. Predators
8.3. Prey/food base
8.4. Hybridizers
8.5. Pathogens/parasites
8.6. Mutualisms
8.7. Other
8.8. Unknown
9. Intrinsic factors
9.1. Limited dispersal
9.2. Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration
9.3. High juvenile mortality
9.4. Inbreeding
9.5. Low densities
9.6. Skewed sex ratios
9.7. Slow growth rates
9.8. Population fluctuations
9.9. Restricted range
9.10. Other
9.11. Unknown
10. Human disturbance
10.1. Recreation/tourism
10.2. Research
10.3. War/civil unrest
10.4. Transport
10.5. Fire
10.6. Other
10.7. Unknown
11. Other
12. Unknown