1971-72
Effect of Fish Removal on the Growth and Condition
of White Shrimp, Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus), in Brackish Ponds.
Jack C. Parker, Hoyt W. Holcomb, Jr., Wallace G. Klussman and James C. McNeill,
IV. June 1972. 12 pages. $1. TAMU-SG-72-701. NTIS-COM-72-11134
The effect of fish removal on growth and condition
of juvenile white shrimp was studied in two brackish ponds near West Galveston
Bay, Texas. In the pond in which fish were removed prior to stocking with
shrimp, the shrimp grew more rapidly and were in better condition. Survival
of shrimp was also higher in the pond without fish.
1974-75
Growth and Mortality of Two Groups of Oysters,
(Crassostrea virginica Gmelin), Maintained in Cooling Water at an Estuarine
Electric Power Generating Station. Gill
H. Gilmore, Sammy M. Ray and David V. Aldrich. January 1975. 67 pages. $3.
TAMU-SG-75-207. NTIS-COM-75-10722.
Growth and mortality of oysters with high and low
levels of Labryinthomyxa marina infection were measured during 1972 in (1)
0.1 ha ponds receiving a continuous flow of heated water from an electric
power plant, (2) the power plant intake canal, and (3) the power plant discharge
canal. Pond oysters had less cumulative mortality than intake or discharge
canal oysters, regardless of Labryinthomyxa infection, and had gained in
biomass by the end of the study.
Salinity Preference of Postlarval Brown and White
Shrimp (Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus) in Gradient Tanks.
Richard K. Keiser, Jr. and David V. Aldrich. May 1976. 260 pages. $5. TAMU-SG-75-208.
NTIS-PB-259-697/AS.
Brown and white shrimp were studied in tanks containing
salinity gradients that ranged from 0 to 50 ppt, 0 to 70 ppt, and in control
tanks of uniform salinity. Factors investigated to determine their influence
on salinity preferences include: season, time (temporal, day-night, tidal),
age, acclimation salinity, illumination and interactions among the above.
Over 100 figures and 29 tables.
1975-76
Thermal Resistance and Acclimation Rate in Young
White and Brown Shrimp, Penaeus setiferus Linn. and Penaeus aztecus Ives.
Larry M. Wiesepape. November 1975. 196 pages. $4. TAMU-SG-76-202. NTIS-PB-250-064/AS.
A study of the thermal tolerance, acclimation rate,
and effects and salinity on thermal resistance in postlarval brown and white
shrimp. Penaeus aztecus post-larvae acclimated at three temperatures (24,
29 and 34°C) were tested for thermal resistance at five lethal temperatures
for each acclimation temperature (34-38°C; 35-39°C). Penaeus setiferus
postlarvae acclimated at two temperatures (29 and 34°C) were tested
for thermal resistance at six lethal temperatures for each acclimation temperature
(35-40°C; 36-41°C). Temperatures which caused 50 percent mortality
at 10,000 were determined.
1976-77
Crawfish and Freshwater Shrimp Diseases.
S.K. Johnson. August 1977. 20 pages. TAMU-SG-77-605. NTIS-PB-275-958/AS.
This handbook is designed as an information source
and field guide for crustacean culturists, commercial fishermen and others
interested in parasites or abnormal conditions of freshwater crustaceans.
Detailed descriptions, photographs and illustrations of the common parasites
and commensals are given along with information on their life cycles and
general biological characteristics. Several diseases of unknown cause are
also described. A list giving definitions of terms is included.
1979-80
Bio-Engineering Economic Model for Shrimp Mariculture
Systems. C.M. Adams, W.L. Griffin, J.P.
Nichols and R.W. Brick. May 1980. 125 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. $4. TAMU-SG-80-203.
NTIS-PB-80-223-308.
A bio-engineering economic computer model was developed
to produce average annual budgets, monthly and annual cash flows, and sensitivity
analysis for a penaeid shrimp commercial grow-out system design located
on the Texas Gulf Coast. Given the production data available, growth equations
were simulated for various stocking densities. Sensitivity analyses also
were performed on selected production variables and prices. A documentation
of the program is presented in the Appendix along with a summary on how
to run the program.
1980-81
Aquaculture in Texas: A Status Report and Development
Plan. Robert R. Stickney and James T.
Davis. August 1981. 103 pages, 2 tables, 6 figures. $8. TAMU-SG-81-119.
NTIS-PB-82-148-321.
Texas has been a leader for aquaculture research
and development because of its climate and extensive marine and freshwater
resources. Overfishing and decreased environmental quality threaten the
fisheries industry, and aquaculture offers economic opportunity and a new
source of protein. This report is a guide for user and provider groups,
state agencies and political bodies involved in aquaculture in Texas. Using
groundwater, temperature, precipitation and soils data, it evaluates the
state's potential for aquaculture. It discusses legal constraints on the
development of the industry and recommends laws and regulations that would
promote it. The report discusses marketing strategies for aquaculture products,
inland sources of salt water and use of heated industrial effluent for temperature
control of aquaculture facilities. It also recommends future research in
disease prevention and control, diets and new species suitable for aquaculture.
Status and research needs are presented for the channel catfish, crawfish,
tilapia, largemouth bass, bait minnows, red drum, freshwater shrimp, penaeid
shrimp, oysters and marine finfish.
Summary of Shrimp Mariculture Data at Texas A&M
University, 1969-1978. M.A.Johns, H.W.
Holcomb, D.L. Hutchins and W.L. Griffin. May 1981. 130 pages, 202 tables.
$5. TAMU-SG-81-603.. NTIS-PB-81-243-974.
Since it began, shrimp mariculture research in Texas
has been supported by the Texas A&M University System and the Texas
A&M Sea Grant Program. This report summarizes the development and the
research objectives of shrimp mariculture in Texas and the research objectives
of shrimp culture facilities at Angleton and Corpus Christi, Texas. In addition,
it presents weekly growth and water quality data from research at the facilities
between 1969 and 1978.
Mixed Infection in Columnaris Disease in Fish.
J.E. Marks, D.H. Lewis and G.S. Trevino. In Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Vol. 177, No. 9, November 1980. pp. 811-814, 1 table,
6 figures. TAMU-SG-81-811. NTIS-PB-81-199-861.
Flexibacter columnaris and Corynebacterium sp were
recovered from lesions associated with columnaris disease in catfish. Catfish
exposed to pure cultures of the Corynebacterium sp developed circumscribed
lesions, which regressed without further adverse effects. Disease signs
were not demonstrable in catfish exposed to pure cultures of F. columnaris;
however, when catfish were exposed to mixed cultures of Corynebacterium
sp and F. columnaris, signs of columnaris appeared and the fish died.
Ultrastructural Localization of Peroxidase Activity
in Neutrophil Leukocytes of Ictalurus punctatus.
M. Samuel Cannon, Hilton H. Mssollenhauer, Anita M. Cannon, Thomas E. Eurell
and Donald H. Lewis. In Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 58, No. 6, 1980.
pp. 1139-1143, 2 figures. TAMU-SG-81-812. NTIS-PB-81-182-628.
The cytoplasmic granules of the blood neutrophil
leukocyte of the teleost, Ictalurus punctatus, have been shown to exhibit
peroxidase activity at the light and electron microscopic levels when exposed
to the 3.3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride peroxidase procedure. Erythrocytes
also show activity. Addition of cyanide to the incubation medium has no
apparent effect on peroxidase reactivity in neutrophils, but inhibits pseudoperoxidase
reactivity in erythrocytes. The presence of peroxidase-positive granules
in the neutrophil serve as a marker for identification of this cell and
strongly indicate antibacterial and phagocytic functions for the neutrophil.
A Comparison of the Capabilities of Juvenile and
Adult Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus stylirostris to Regulate the Osmotic,
Sodium and Chloride Concentrations in the Hemolymph.
Frank L. Castille, Jr. and Addison L. Lawrence. In Comparative Biochemical
Physiology, Vol. 68A, 1981, pp. 677-680. TAMU-SG-81-818.
The capabilities of juvenile and mature adult Penaeus
setiferus and P. stylirostris to regulate the osmotic, sodium and chloride
concentrations in the hemolymph are compared. In P. setiferus and P. stylirostris
acclimated to salinities of 9.8 and 10.8 ppt, respectively, juvenile shrimp
are stronger hyperosmotic and hyperionic regulators than adults. However,
the reduced regulatory capabilities of adult shrimp are not sufficient to
require migration to offshore waters for survival. At 40.4 ppt juvenile
P. setiferus are more effective hypoosmotic and hypoionic regulators than
adults. However, there is no difference between the regulatory capabilities
of juvenile and adult P. stylirostris at 36.2 ppt. Differences in hemolymph
concentration between juvenile and adult P. setiferus at 23.5 ppt indicate
that the isosmotic and isoionic crossover concentrations are elevated with
maturation.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Leukocytes of
the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.
M. Samuel Cannon, et. al. In Journal of Morphology, 161:1-23 (1980). TAMU-SG-81-820.
Ultrastructure studies of leukocytes of the channel
catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, revealed heterophils (neutrophils), small
lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Eosinophils and basophils were
not seen. Thrombocytes and small lymphocytes were the most abundant types
of leukocytes; monocytes were the least abundant. Monocytes and large lymphocytes
were often indistinguishable. Cells that resembled macrophages or transitional
forms between them and monocytes were seen occasionally. Glycogen, present
in all leukocytes, was least abundant in monocytes and most abundant in
heterophils. Monocytes and heterophils were similar in size and shape, but
monocytes contained more rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), more free ribosomes
and fewer granules than did heterophils. In heterophils, granules were oval
or elongate and often contained a crystalline or striated structure. Small
tubules, similar to smooth ER, and cristae that cross the long axes of mitochondria
were often seen. Small lymphocytes possessed pseudopodia, many free ribosomes,
many large mitochondria and dictyosomes (Golgi), and long profiles of rough
ER. Dictyosomes were often associated with a large zone of exclusion. Bundles
of microtubules were seen near the elongated ends of thrombocytes. Deep
indentations seen in the plasmalemma of thrombocytes gave the appearance
of vacuoles.
Winter Culture of Penaeus vannamei in Ponds Receiving
Thermal Effluent at Different Rates. G.W.
Chamberlain et al. In Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society, 11:30-43
(1980). TAMU-SG-81-822..
The marine shrimp Penaeus vannemei was cultured from
3 November 1978 to 10 April 1979 in eight 0.1-ha ponds whose water temperature
could be increased with cooling water effluent from the adjacent electrical
power plant near Corpus Christi, Texas. Four treatments were used, including
different flow rates and feeding rates. The flow rates were: high (3,000
l/m), medium (1,500 l/m) and low (35 l/m). Feeding rates were three and
four percent of body weight. Survival, growth and distribution of shrimp
were monitored by cast-net sampling. In low-flow ponds, mortality was 94
percent after temperatures dropped to 5.2_C. Survival was much greater in
ponds with higher flow rates. Maximum survival, 33.7-82.3 percent, was seen
in the high-flow ponds. Low-temperature death occurred below 8_C regardless
of acclimation and at temperatures as high as 12_C, depending on degree
of acclimation. Growth rates among treatments ranged from -0.03 to 0.06
g/day. Highest growth rates occurred in high-flow ponds with a four percent
feeding rate. The four percent feeding rate yielded greater survival, growth,
food conversion efficiency, digestive gland index and spermatophore production
than the three percent rate. At temperatures less than 21_C shrimp burrowed
and cast-net catches declined. Shrimp inhabited deeper water during the
day and were more evenly distributed at night.
Estimation of Shrimp Populations in Experimental
Ponds Using Mark-Recapture and Stratified Random Sampling Methods.
David L. Hutchins, George W. Chamberlain and Jack C. Parker. In Proceedings
of the World Mariculture Society, 11:142-150 (1980). TAMU-SG-81-825.
Reliable estimates of populations of organisms in
mariculture ponds are essential for efficient management of feeding programs
and harvesting schedules. However, accurate estimates are seldom obtained
in routine sampling programs because of the complexities of most sampling
procedures. Two techniques for estimating Penaeus vannamei populations in
ponds were investigated during Summer and Fall 1978. The Peterson mark-recapture
procedure resulted in an estimate that was only 5.9 percent greater than
the actual population. However, molting and mortality quickly reduced the
number of marked animals, and estimates based on their recapture were not
feasible. The second technique involved stratified random sampling by cast
netting. A significant (r2 = 0.64) relationship was found between the mean
catch per cast and the actual population at harvest in the 13 ponds tested.
This relationship was then used to predict populations in seven ponds. The
average deviation of the estimates was 11.6 percent greater than the actual
populations.
1981-82
Sea Grant Aquaculture Plan 1983-1987.
Feenan D. Jennings, Alfred M. Beeton, Jack R. Davidson, William S. Gaither
and Malvern Gilmartin. July 1982. vii + 47 pages, 2 figures, 14 tables.
$5. TAMU-SG-82-114.
The National Aquaculture Act of 1980 called for a
coordinated national aquaculture program. The responsibility for aquacultural
research and development on saltwater and Great Lakes species was later
assumed by the Department of Commerce, primarily by the National Sea Grant
College Program. This document presents Sea Grant's strategy for aquaculture
research, education and advisory services for the next five years. Written
by 21 working groups, the plan discusses its coordination with the national
aquaculture plan, accomplishments of Sea Grant's aquacultural research,
areas of effort for future research, and status and problems on a species
basis. Areas of interest include aquacultural systems, genetics, nutrition,
public policy, economics and marketing and advisory services. Species plans
are given for 17 species or groups, including the most important molluscs,
crustaceans, fishes, bait organisms and seaweeds.
Sea Grant Aquaculture Plan 1983-1987 - Executive
Summary. July 1982. 4 pages, 2 figures,
1 table. TAMU-SG-82-115.
This is a summary of the above-listed publication,
which describes Sea Grant's policy, goals and objectives as they relate
to aquacultural development in the United States. It discusses the economic
importance of aquaculture, assesses present aquacultural technology and
projects funding for the next five years based on research needs and changing
emphasis. Finally, it places the Sea Grant aquacultural effort in the context
of the national effort.
Aquaculture: Public Health, Regulatory and Management
Aspects - Proceedings of the 6th U.S. Food and Drug Administration Science
Symposium on Aquaculture. July 1982. 226
pages, many tables and illustrations. $5. TAMU-SG-82-119. NTIS-PB-83-120-303.
The FDA's 6th Science Symposium on Aquaculture was
held February 12-13, 1980 in New Orleans. This publication is the proceedings
of that symposium and includes 81 of the papers that were presented. Topics
include paralytic shellfish poisoning, immunology, environmental microbiology
and virology, business and policy.
The Effect of Salinity on the Osmotic, Sodium
and Chloride Concentrations in the Hemolymph of Euryhaline Shrimp of the
Genus Penaeus. Frank L. Castille, Jr.
and Addison L. Lawrence. In Comparative Biochemical Physiology, 68A:75-80
(1981). TAMU-SG-82-801.
The hemolymph is isosmotic to seawater at 745 mOs/kg
in Penaeus aztecus, 768 mOs/kg in P. duorarum, 680 mOs/kg in P. setiferus,
699 mOs/kg in P. stylirostris, and 718 mOs/kg in P. vannamei. The hemolymph
is hyperosmotic to seawater at salinities below the isosmotic concentrations
and hypoosmotic to those above. With respect to sodium and chloride, the
hemolymph is hyperionic to seawater at low salinities and hypoionic to seawater
at high salinities. P. aztecus and P. duorarum are weaker osmotic and ionic
regulators at low salinities than P. setiferus, P. stylirostris, and P.
vannamei. There are no significant differences in the osmotic and ionic
regulatory capabilities of all five species at high salinities.
The Effect of Salinity on the Osmotic, Sodium
and Chloride Concentrations in the Hemolymph of the Freshwater Shrimps,
Macrobrachium ohione Smith and Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man.
Frank L. Castille, Jr. and Addison Lawrence. In Comparative Biochemical
Physiology, 70A: 47-52 (1982). TAMU-SG-82-802.
Adult Macrobrachium ohione are capable of weak hypoosmotic
regulation and hypoionic regulation with respect to sodium and chloride
regulation at an external osmolality of 822 mOsm/kg, and very strong hyperosmotic
and hyperionic regulation in fresh water. The isosmotic crossover osmolality
is 643 mOsm/kg and the isoionic concentration is 236 mM/l for sodium and
224 mM/l for chloride. Juvenile M. rosenbergii are also strong hyperosmotic
and hyperionic regulators in fresh water, but at high salinities they are
slightly hyperosmotic to the media, isoionic with respect to sodium and
hypoionic with respect to chloride. The isoionic crossover concentration
for chloride is 189 mM/l. Although both species are able to maintain a relatively
constant hemolymph concentration in tapwater diluted with deionized water,
M. rosenbergii is a more effective hyperosmotic and hyperionic regulator
than M. ohione at very dilute concentrations (<14 mOsm/kg). The percentage
of the osmotic concentration due to sodium and chloride suggests that protein
in the hemolymph may be osmotically significant.
A Comparison of the Osmotic, Sodium and Chloride
Concentrations between the Urine and Hemolymph of Penaeus setiferus (L.)
and Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson). Frank
L. Castille and Addison L. Lawrence. In Comparative Biochemical Physiology,
70A:525-528 (1981). TAMU-SG-82-803.
The osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations in
the urine and hemolymph are compared in Penaeus setiferus and P. stylirostris
at salinities ranging from 10 to 40 ‰. Isosmoticity of the urine and
hemolymph indicate that the antennal glands are not important in osmotic
regulation. At all experimental salinities, the urine was hypoionic to the
hemolymph with respect to sodium and isoionic to the hemolymph with respect
to chloride.
Enhancement of Chill Tolerance in Larval Artemia
salina: Cooling Regimens and Multiple Type Cryoprotectant Exposure.
J.G. Baust and A.L. Lawrence. In Proceedings of World Mariculture Society,
10:421-428 (1979). TAMU-SG-82-805.
The enhancement of chill tolerance of Artemia salina
larvae to single-component (glycerol, glucose or sucrose) and double-component
(glucose/sucrose) cryoprotectant solutions was determined. Larvae, aged
0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours, were immersed in -1_C cryoprotectant solutions
for periods as long as 90 minutes. Survival of the different larval stages
was compared between larvae exposed to instantaneous cooling from 28_C to
-1_C and those exposed to a gradual (1_C/hr) cooling from 28_C to 18_C followed
by instantaneous cooling to -1_C. In most cases, survival was enhanced to
a greater extent when multiple-component cryoprotectants were used than
in single component systems. Survival was two to five times greater than
when no cryoprotectant was used. The significance of these results to the
development of cryogenic larval banking is discussed.
Length-Weight Relations for Several Species of
Penaeid Shrimp Cultured in Ponds near Corpus Christi, Texas.
D.L. Hutchins, G.W. Chamberlain and J.C. Parker. In Proceedings of World
Mariculture Society, 10:565-570 (1979). TAMU-SG-82-806.
Length of shrimp is more easily measured than weight,
and length-weight relationships allow estimation of weight from length measurements.
Using the model W = aLb, linear regressions were calculated from paired
length and weight measurements of aquacultured Penaeus duorarum, P. occidentalis,
P. setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei, measured during 1972-1979.
Length frequency distributions and regression formulas for predicting weights
from lengths are presented for each species.
Maturation of Penaeid Shrimp: Dietary Fatty Acids.
B.S. Middleditch, S.R. Missler, D.G. Ward, J.B. McVey, A. Brown and A.L.
Lawrence. In Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society, 10:472-476 (1979).
TAMU-SG-82-807.
Comparisons were made between fatty acid profiles
of gonad, digestive gland and tail muscle tissue samples from immature and
mature male and female penaeid shrimp collected at sea. The major fatty
acids of the lipids from mature ovaries were C20 and C22 polyunsaturated
fatty acids. The polychaete Glycera dibranchiata, rich in lipids containing
these acids, was used as a dietary supplement for shrimp grown in the laboratory,
and spawning was achieved with Penaeus setiferus. The possible role of polyunsaturated
fatty acids in ovarian maturation is discussed.
Fatty Acid Changes During Larval Development of
Penaeus setiferus. D.G. Ward, B.S. Middleditch,
S.R. Missler and A.L. Lawrence. In Proceedings of the World Mariculture
Society, 10: 464-471 (1979). TAMU-SG-82-808.
Fatty acid compositions of the egg, nauplius, protozea,
mysis and one-to-two-day postlarva of Penaeus setiferus were determined.
Of 12 fatty acids identified, the four major ones in the egg were 16:1,
16:0, 18:1, 20:4. Those of the one-to-two-day postlarva were 16:0, 18:1,
20:4 and 22:6. Per unit weight, the 16:1, 16:0, 18:1 and 20:4 fatty acids
decreased between the egg and the one-to-two-day postlarval stages by 83,
47, 44 and 18 percent, respectively. However, the 22:6 fatty acid increased
by 66 percent per unit dry weight during that time. Per animal, the largest
increases were obtained for the 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids
between the protozoeal and the one-to-two-day postlarval stages. The largest
per-animal decreases were seen for the 16:1, 16:0, 18:1 and 18:0 fatty acids
between the egg and nauplius stages. The significance of these results to
understanding shrimp larval nutrition is discussed
Maturation of Penaeid Shrimp: Lipids in the Marine
Food Web. B.S.Middleditch, S.R. Missler,
H.L. Hines, E.S. Chang, J.P. McVey, A. Brown and A.L. Lawrence. In Proceedings
of the World Mariculture Society 11:463-470 (1980). TAMU-SG-82-809.
Certain lipids are required in the diets of penaeid
shrimp to promote ovarian maturation. To identify appropriate feedstock
supplements that contain these lipids, several invertebrate species were
examined from West Bay, Galveston, Texas, and from the Gulf of Mexico 50
kilometers off Galveston. With a few notable exceptions, the lipid profiles
for the various species were very similar at each location. This implies
that many lipids pass unaltered through the food web and that the suitability
of a particular invertebrate food item for inducing ovarian maturation may
depend on the diet of that invertebrate.
Maturation of White Shrimp (Penaeus setiferus)
in Captivity. A. Brown, Jr., J. McVey,
B.A. Middleditch and A.L. Lawrence. In Proceedings of the World Mariculture
Society, 10:435-444, (1979). TAMU-SG-82-810.
Penaeus setiferus matured and spawned in captivity
at ambient temperature with controlled photoperiod and diet. The experiments
were performed at the lagoon and seawater laboratories of the National Marine
Fisheries Service in Galveston, Texas. One-half of the animals at each site
were unilaterally eyestalk-ablated. The photoperiod was initially set at
15 hours and was increased to 16 hours when spawning began. Temperature
ranged from 22_C to 29_C, salinity was 22-30 ‰ and pH was 7.5-8.0.
The diet consisted of worms, squid, oysters and mussels. Egg production
varied between the sites: 534,000 were produced at the lagoon facility and
3.8 million at the seawater laboratory. Spermatophore transfer did not occur,
possibly because of a bacterial infection (Vibrio sp.) of the terminal ampoules
and the compound spermatophore.
Organ Indices and Biochemical Levels of Ova from
Penaeid Shrimp Maintained in Captivity Versus Those Captured in the Wild.
A.L. Lawrence, D. Ward, S.Missler, A. Brown, J. McVey and B.S. Middleditch.
In Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society 10: 453-463 (1979). TAMU-SG-82-811.
This paper further characterizes reproduction of
penaeid shrimp by reporting (1) gonad, hepatopancreas, tail and eyestalk
indices for unablated and unilaterally eyestalk-ablated Penaeus setiferus
maintained in captivity and captured in the wild; and (2) the biochemical
content of spawned ova from P. setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei
obtained from the wild and from P. setiferus that matured and spawned in
captivity. The data indicate that (1) the dietary and environmental regime
used in this study was not optimal for reproduction of P. setiferus in captivity;
(2) the hepatopancreas is directly involved in penaeid reproduction, but
the tail muscle is not; (3) the population of P. setiferus sampled on June
2 and July 22, 1978 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico was not at its reproductive
peak; (4) the percentages of protein, lipids and carbohydrates in unhatched
eggs of all three species are very similar; and (5) biochemical analysis
of the unhatched eggs and determination of organ indices during reproduction
are necessary for the evaluation of penaeid reproduction, both in the wild
and in captivity.
The Maturation and Spawning of Penaeus stylirostris
Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions.
A. Brown, Jr., J.P. McVey, B.M. Scott, T.D. Williams, B.D. Middleditch and
A.L. Lawrence. In Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society, 11: 488-489
(1980). TAMU-SG-82-812.
About 35 female Penaeus stylirostris from Costa Rica
and Mexico mated and spawned at least 247 times within 190 days, producing
more than 98 million eggs. Each spawned 9-10 times, producing an average
of 397,000 eggs. Hatching rates were 0-85 percent and averaged about 50
percent. Experiments were done at the National Marine Fisheries Service
laboratory in Galveston, Texas. Females were unilaterally eyestalk-ablated
and placed in 3-m-diameter tanks. The sex ratio was 1-1. Salinity was 20-30
‰; water temperature was 29-30_C. The diet consisted of polychaetes,
squid, and sometimes a pellet feed, at a 1-2-1 ratio. The photoperiod was
14h; only fluorescent light was used. Mating began at 1400-1500 h and continued
until 2200-2230 h and later. Females with a spermatophore were placed in
spawning tanks containing water treated with EDTA, Maracyn I and Maracyn
II. Egg production and hatching rates were calculated for each tank. Nauplii
were transferred to the hatchery, and viability was determined for selected
spawns. Survival to postlarvae varied. More than 746,000 postlarvae were
produced.
The Nutritional Response of Two Penaeid Species
to Various Levels of Squid Meal in a Prepared Food.
Jorge L. Fenucci, Zoula P. Zein-Eldin and Addison L. Lawrence. In Proceedings
of the World Mariculture Society, 11: 403-409 (1980). TAMU-SG-82-813.
Several pellet feeds containing 30-35 percent protein
were tested on Penaeus stylirostris and P. setiferus. Alginate-bound test
diets varied in protein composition, but all diets contained about 30 percent
sun-dried squid meal. Initial tests used diets containing as much as 13
percent squid meal. In later tests, squid meal content varied between 0
and 12.7 percent, and alpha-soy flour content varied between 0 and 12.4
percent. In one test diet, these components were replaced with 12.5 percent
brewer's yeast. Conversion rates, survival and growth were determined during
a three-week period for the two species and for two sizes of P. stylirostris.
The presence of five to six percent squid meal is advantageous in feeds
containing 30-35 percent protein.
The Effect of Salinity on the Osmotic, Sodium
and Chloride Concentration in the Hemolymph of the Rock Shrimps, Sicyonia
brevirostris and Sicyonia dorsalis. Frank
L. Castille Jr. and Addison L. Lawrence. In Comparative Biochemical Physiology
70A: 519-523 (1981). TAMU-SG-82-814.
When S. brevirostris and S. dorsalis are exposed
to diluted seawater, the osmotic, sodium and chloride concentrations of
the hemolymph decrease with the concentration of seawater. The hemolymph
of both species is slightly hyperosmotic and hyperionic with respect to
sodium and chloride in diluted seawater. In undiluted seawater (37-38 ‰),
the hemolymph is slightly hypoosmotic and hypoionic with respect to sodium
and chloride. In their responses to dilution, S. brevirostris and S. dorsalis
more closely resemble poikilosmotic crustaceans than euryhaline penaeidean
shrimp.
Aggregation of Penaeid Shrimp Larvae Due to Microbial
Epibonts. D.H. Lewis, J.K. Leong, and
C. Mock. In Aquaculture 27:149-155 (1982). TAMU-SG-82-818.
Pseudomonas piscicida, Aeromonas formicans and Flavobacteria
sp. were involved in aggregation of hatchery-reared larvae of Penaeus stylirostris.
Aggregation was reproduced experimentally with pure cultures of these bacteria
at densities of 104 cells per milliliter. Addition of at least 3 µg/ml
gentamycin, 10 µg/ml nalidixic acid, 0.1 µg/ml acridine or Cutrine
Plus into test suspensions prevented aggregation of the shrimp larvae.
1982-83
Bioeconomic Modeling with Stochastic Elements
in Shrimp Culture. W.L. Griffin, J.S.
Hanson, R.W. Brick and M.A. Johns. In Journal of the World Mariculture Society
12(1): 94-103 (1981). TAMU-SG-83-802.
This study incorporates water quality parameters
and a growth function into a bioeconomic model of shrimp mariculture. Certain
parameters, such as weather and low oxygen concentrations, are unpredictable,
so randomization of such parameters is introduced into the model. The results
consist of means and standard deviations of profits determined from 25 replications
of the model. The baseline model indicates that a mean profit of $679/hectare
would be achieved with only a five percent chance of loss. Sensitivity tests
of profit in the model, consisting primarily of changes in biological and
environmental parameters, illustrate the usefulness of the model in directing
future research.
Mono- and Polyculture of Penaeus vannamei and
P. stylirostris in Ponds. G.W. Chamberlain,
D.L. Hutchins and A.L. Lawrence. In Journal of the World Mariculture Society
12 (1):251-270 (1981). TAMU-SG-83-803.
Fish polyculture is more productive than fish monoculture,
but the effect of polyculture on shrimp production has received little attention.
This study investigated production of Penaeus vannamei ("v") and
P. stylirostris ("s") in monoculture and in polyculture at various
species ratios (75v:25s, 50v:50s and 25v:75s), at a constant population
density of 0.18 million shrimp per hectare, in 0.1-ha ponds. P. vannamei
has a greater mean survival rate (73 vs. 22 percent), but a smaller mean
growth rate (0.09 vs 0.14 g/day) than P. stylirostris. Survival rates did
not differ significantly among treatments. Final weight decreased significantly
for both species with increasing density of the same species, but it significantly
increased with increasing density of the other species. Best growth for
both species occurred in the 75v:25s treatment. Interspecific differences
in distribution and diel activity may partially explain the compatibility
of the species in polyculture. Production rates (590-2,180 kg/ha) and value
($2,720-$5,740/ha) generally increased with increasing percentage of P.
vannamei, but no significant difference in mean value was detected between
the 110v and the 75v:25s treatments. Performance of shrimp (25v:75s) in
a single-phase pond system was compared to that in a three-phase (nursery,
intermediate and grow-out) system. Survival, growth, production and value
were similar in both systems.
Decreased Toxicity of Copper and Manganese Ions
to Shrimp Nauplii (Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson) in the Presence of EDTA.
A.L. Lawrence, J. Fox and F.L. Castille, Jr. In Journal of the World Mariculture
Society 12(1): 271-280 (1981). TAMU-SG-83-804.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used routinely
in intensive culture of penaeid shrimp larvae to increase hatching and larval
survival rates. However, its mode of action is unknown. This study evaluated
the effect of EDTA (10 mg/l) on the toxicities of Cu++ and Mn++, in terms
of the percentage of Penaeus stylirostris nauplii surviving after 12 and
24 hours of exposure and in terms of percentage of nauplii metamorphosing
into protozoea. In the absence of EDTA, Cu++ and Mn++ were toxic to nauplii.
Cu++ caused 100 percent mortality at a much lower concentration (20 uM)
than did Mn++ (20,000 uM). In the presence of EDTA survival of nauplii exposed
to Cu++ increased, but survival of nauplii exposed to Mn++ did not change.
At sublethal concentrations, Cu++ (0.2 uM) and Mn++ reduced the percentage
of nauplii that metamorphosed to protozoea. In the presence of EDTA, the
percentage of nauplii metamorphosing increased with exposure to both Cu++
and Mn++. The beneficial effects probably result from chelation of Cu++
and Mn++ by EDTA, which decreases the concentration of these ions, reducing
their toxicities.
The Effects of Fatty Acid and Shrimp Meal Composition
of Prepared Diets on Growth of Juvenile Shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris.
J.L. Fenucci, A.L. Lawrence and Z.P. Zein-Eldin. In Journal of the World
Mariculture Society 12(1): 315-324 (1981). TAMU-SG-83-806.
Pelleted diets, containing different amounts of sun-dried
shrimp meal and brewer's yeast, were tested. A relationship was observed
between the content of the shrimp meal and brewer's yeast in the diets and
increased growth of juveniles. Data suggest that in feeds containing five
percent squid meal, as much as one-half the shrimp meal can be replaced
by brewer's yeast. These feeds should thus contain at least 15 percent shrimp
meal and less than 15 percent brewer's yeast. A quadratic correlation was
found between growth rate of juveniles and the percentage of linoleic acid
in the diets. The best nutritional response should be obtained in rations
containing 14.5 percent linoleic acid.
1983-84
Reproductive Activity and Biochemical Composition
of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus aztecus in the Gulf of Mexico.
G.W. Chamberlain, A.L. Lawrence. October 1983. 35 pages, 26 figures, 8 tables.
$7. TAMU-SG-84-203. NTIS-PB-84-121-078.
Penaeus setiferus and P. aztecus compose the bulk
of the Texas catch of shrimp, the most valuable fishery product in the state.
This study compares the maturation and reproduction of P. setiferus and
P. aztecus near an offshore brine diffuser (at a depth of 21 m) to that
at two control locations. Seven 10-day collecting cruises were conducted
between October 1979 and September 1980, and approximately 3,000 shrimp
were dissected and analyzed. Descriptions and photographs of characteristic
size and color of each stage of ovarian maturation are presented for each
species.
Developing a Selected Breeding Program for Penaeid
Shrimp Mariculture. L. James Lester. In
Aquaculture 33: 41-50 (1983). TAMU-SG-84-804.
Five species of penaeid shrimp are being considered
for mariculture production in the southern United States. Four of these,
Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, P. stylirostris and P. vannamei, are the
subject of an investigation of genetic differentiation among wild stocks
using the electrophoretic technique. Preliminary results indicate a low
level of genetic variation and little geographic differentiation within
species. The implication of these findings for the creation of a foundation
population for the selective breeding program is discussed. Many questions
have resulted from the initial efforts to employ a quantitative criterion
in the selection of future broodstock from pond-reared adults. One response
has been morphometric studies to evaluate other possible selection criteria.
Several morphological measures are identified as potential selection criteria
and discussed with regard to the handling necessary to make each measurement
and the correlation between these measurements and tail weight. An overview
of the penaeid mariculture methodology used in Texas is presented as a justification
for a program using mass selection rather than other methods to improve
tail weight grow-out.
1984-85
Effect of Light Intensity and Male and Female
Eyestalk Ablation on Reproduction of Penaeus stylirostris and P. vannamei.
George W. Chamberlain and Addison L. Lawrence. In Journal of the World Mariculture
Society, 12(2): 357-372 (1981). TAMU-SG-85-802.
This 97-day study, conducted during midwinter using
a recirculating water system, was designed to evaluate the effect of light
intensity and male and female eyestalk ablation on reproduction of P. vannamei
and P. stylirostris. Four light intensities were established using various
levels of fluorescent lighting (bright, 14.7uEm-2s-1; moderate, 4.4 uEm-2s-1;
dim, 0.6uEm-2s-1; and dark, 0.0uEm-2s-1) and the fifth consisted of artificial
lighting supplemented with natural light through a translucent skylight
(skylight, 4.7-9.3 uEm-2s-1). Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed
on all male P. vannamei in one of each pair of tanks within a treatment.
In addition, half of the females in each tank were unilaterally ablated.
Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate and survival were monitored daily
within each tank. Growth and gonad development were measured at termination.
The optimum light intensity for P. stylirostris appeared to be lower than
that for P. vannamei. P. stylirostris matured and spawned more frequently
in the skylight and dim treatments than in the moderate, dark and bright
treatments. P. vannamei matured and spawned more frequently in the skylight,
bright and moderate treatments than in the dim and dark treatments. Natural
light supplementation beneficially affected reproduction of both species.
Male eyestalk ablation increased gonad size and doubled mating frequency
of P. vannamei in comparison to unablated controls. This is the first documentation
of increased penaeid shrimp reproduction by unilateral eyestalk ablation
of males. Even more significant may be recognition that male gonadal development
is a limiting factor in reproduction of shrimp in captivity.
Consumption of Frozen and Live Artemia by Protozoea
of Penaeus setiferus. Joshua A. Wilkenfeld,
Joe M. Fox and Addison L. Lawrence. In Journal of World Mariculture Society,
12(2): 250-259 (1981). TAMU-SG-85-804.
The role of an animal component in the diet of protozoeal
penaeid shrimp larvae is not known. Short-term experiments were performed
on the larvae of Penaeus setiferus (L.) to determine the ability of each
protozoeal substage to consume frozen and live Artemia nauplii. Significant
consumption of frozen Artemia took place during the protozoea 2 and 3 substages
at rates of 1.0 and 1.6 Artemia nauplii/penaeid larva/hour respectively.
Consumption of live Artemia occurred in the protozoea 3 substage, at a rate
of 0.7 Artemia nauplii/penaeid larva/hour. Data suggesting that there is
a beneficial role of an animal component in the diet of protozoeal penaeid
shrimp larvae are discussed.
Nocturnal Activity of Birds on Shrimp Mariculture
Ponds. Jeffrey L. Beynon, David L. Hutchins,
Anthony J. Rubino, Addison L. Lawrence and Brian R. Chapman. In Journal
of World Mariculture Society, 12(2):63-70 (1981). TAMU-SG-85-805.
Birds can reduce production of shrimp in mariculture
grow-out ponds through predation and competition for feed. This study involved
weekly nocturnal enumeration of bird populations and observation of nocturnal
avian habits on a series of 0.1 ha experimental ponds at the Texas A&M
University Shrimp Mariculture Facility at Corpus Christi, Texas. Observations
were conducted hourly from sunset to sunrise during October through December
1980. The rate of predation was evaluated every three hours by comparing
the number of feeding attempts to the number of successful prey captures
over a known time period. Gulls (Family Laridae) acted primarily as competitors
for feed. Active feeding by gulls was restricted to daylight hours, consequently
feed loss decreased when the feed was distributed at or after dusk. Major
predatory birds included herons and egrets (Family Ardeidae), migratory
ducks (Family Anatidae), and, to a lesser extent, grebes (Family Podicipedidae)
and shorebirds (Order Charadriiformes). Bird predation decreased pond production
by 75 percent in some ponds.
Comparison of Unilateral Eyestalk Ablation with
Environmental Control of Ovarian Maturation of Penaeus stylirostris.
George W. Chamberlain and Neil F. Gervais. In Journal of World Mariculture
Society, 15:29-30 (1984). TAMU-SG-85-818.
Reproduction in captivity remains one of the largest
obstacles impeding the growth of the penaeid shrimp farming industry. Temperature
and photoperiod regimes have been used as an alternative to hormonal control
of reproduction for a host of fishes and for some shrimp. The objective
of this study was to compare the reproductive performance of unilaterally
ablated P. stylirostris with unablated animals from the same population
exposed to an increasing temperature and photoperiod regime. Offspring of
eyestalk-ablated P. stylirostris obtained from the Gulf of California, Mexico,
were raised in ponds to a mean weight of 51 g. Temperature and photoperiod
were adjusted from initial levels in step-wise increments. Photophase was
simulated using an automatic timer with reversing dimmer. When water temperature
reached 25_C, beginning ovarian maturation was observed in both ablated
and unablated females. Daily spawning activity began when temperatures reached
26_C and continued for the remaining three months. Preliminary results indicate
that environmental manipulation compares favorably with eyestalk-ablation
in terms of survival, maturation rate, fecundity and hatching rate.
1985-86
Relationships Between Trawl Catch and Tow Duration
for Penaid Shrimp. Chittenden, Carothers.
Transaction of the American Fisheries Society 114: 851-856, 1985. TAMU-SG-86-804.
The relationship between catch and trawling effort
was explored for Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, and P. duorarum. Tow durations
of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min bottom time were examined, and data were
analyzed with orthogonal polynomials in a randomized complete block design.
We found a significant linear relationship between catch and tow duration,
which is consistent with the assumption of a constant catchability coefficient.
However, tow duration accounted for only a small proportion of the total
variation in catch. This indicates that catch-per-unit-effort indices of
abundance may be improved when analyzed in statistical designs that consider
other sources of variation in catch in addition to fishing effort. Scaling
of catch data when tow durations vary is briefly discussed.
Survival, Metamorphosis & Growth of Larvae
From Four Penaeid Species Fed Six Food Combinations.
Lawerence, Juban. Aquaculture, 47 (1985) 151-162. (Limited number of copies
left.) TAMU-SG-86-806.
Survival, metamorphosis and growth of four larval
shrimp species, Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, P. vannamei and P. stylirostris,
were compared after feeding six food combinations.
Studies on the Use of Boiled Chicken Egg Yolk
as a Feed For Rearing Penaeid Shrimp Larvae.
Fuze, Wilkenfield, Lawrence. The Texas Journal of Science, Vol. XXXVII,
No. 4, 1985. pp. 371-382. (Limited number of copies left.) TAMU-SG-86-813.
The effectiveness of hard-boiled chicken-egg yolk
as a food source for larval penaeid shrimp was examined.
Uncertainty Consideration Resulting from Temperature
Variation on Growth of Penaeus stylirostris in Ponds.
Arye Sadeh, Christopher R. Pardy, Wade Griffin and Addison L. Lawrence.
In The Texas Journal of Science 38(2):159-173 (1986). (Limited number of
copies left.) TAMU-SG-86-825.
Consideration of temperature variations as stochastic
factor in scheduling of stocking and harvesting of shrimp in a grow-out
pond in Texas is treated.
1986-87
Effect of Eyestalk Ablation on Spermatophore &
Sperm Quality in Penaeus vannamei. Leung-Trujillo
and Lawrence. Journal of World Mariculture Society (1985), 16: 258-266.
TAMU-SG-87-806.
The effects of eyestalk ablation on spermatophore
and sperm quality in Penaeus vannamei were investigated in bilaterally,
unilaterally, and unablated males stocked at a 1:1 ratio with unilaterally
ablated females.
Effects of Diet & Size on Growth, Feed Digestibility
& Digestive Enzyme Activities of the Marine ShrimpPenaeus setiferus
Linnaeus. Lee, Lawrence. Journal of World Mariculture Society (1985), 16:
275-287. TAMU-SG-87-807.
Relationships between protein level, size, apparent
feed digestibility, digestive enzyme activities and growth of Penaeus setiferus
were investigated during a 30-day growth trial.
Growth, Feed Digestibility & Proximate Body
Composition of Juvenile Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon Grown at Different
Dissolved Oxygen Levels. Seidman, Lawrence.
Journal of World Mariculture Society (1985), 16: 333-346. TAMU-SG-87-808.
Growth, feed digestibility (apparent total dry-matter
digestibility), and proximate body composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei
and Penaeus monodon were evaluated at dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 1,
2, 3, and 4 ppm at a mean temperature of 28_C.
Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Temperature,
Bacterial Inoculation & EDTA on Sperm Quality in Captive Penaeus setiferus.
Bray, Laung-Trujillo, Robertson, Lawrence. Journal of World Mariculture
Society. (1985), 16: 250-257. TAMU-SG-87-809.
A 60-day preliminary study was conducted to determine
whether excessive temperature, bacterial infection, or heavy metals contamination
contributed to spermatophore and sperm deterioration in laboratory-held
Penaeus setiferus males.
1987-88
Laboratory Manual for the Culture of Penaeid Shrimp
Larvae. Granvil D. Treece and Michael
Yates. August 1988. 95 pages. $20. TAMU-SG-88-202. (Available ONLY through
Granvil Treece, Sea Grant College Program, 1716 Briarcrest Suite 603, Bryan,
TX 77802.)
This manual is designed as an aid to a short general
introductory laboratory course in shrimp culture. In worldwide commercial
shrimp aquaculture, penaeids primarily are cultured. Because Penaeus vannamei
is the most popularly cultured species in the Western Hemisphere and is
currently the most available, its culture is concentrated on here; however,
for the most part, the techniques presented can be used in the cultivation
of any penaeids. Where applicable, the differences between the specific
taxa are mentioned. Exercises on the culture of algae and Artemia are included,
along with technical sheets on sterilization andthe use of the hemacytometer,
autoclave, and light microscope.
1989-90
Governmental Permitting and Regulatory Requirements
Affecting Texas Coastal Aquaculture Operations.
M. Hightower, C. Branton, G. Treece. 1990. 69 pages. $10.00. TAMU-SG-90-504.
A significant number of federal, state and local
government agencies are involved in the regulation of an aquaculture operation.
This involvement includes site selection, facility design and construction,
operations, stock acquisition, production, processing, and marketing. In
most cases, regulatory difficulties arise because of inadequate planning,
lack of knowledge of the process by the applicant, and incomplete information
concerning the agencies' respective requirements. In view of the need to
provide prospective aquaculturists, as well as established operators who
may wish to expand, with information and sources of contact regarding applicable
government agencies, this manual lists each federal and state agency that
has been determined to have authority over aquaculture operations. Under
each agency heading are descriptions of the agency's role, responsibility
and regulatory requirements.
Handbook of Shrimp Diseases.
S.K. Johnson. 1989. 25 pages. $2. TAMU-SG-90-601.
This handbook is designed as an information source
and field guide for shrimp culturists, commercial fishermen, and others
interested in parasites or abnormal conditions of shrimp. In addition to
descriptions and illustrations of the common parasites and commensals of
commercial penaeid shrimp, the publication includes information on the life
cycles and general biological characteristics of these disease-producing
organisms that spend all or part of their life cycles with shrimp. Several
conditions of unknown cause are also described.
Red Drum Aquaculture.
Compiled by Dr. G.W. Chamberlain, Dr. R.J. Miget and M.G.Haby. 1990. 236
pages. $15. TAMU-SG-90-603.
This practical guide is a revised and updated manual
based on presentations at the 1987 Red Drum Aquaculture Conference held
in Corpus Christi, Texas. The introduction and overview features "The
Life History of Red Drum," "Status of the Commercial and Recreational
Fishery" and "Development of an Aquaculture Industry: The Catfish
Industry." The book also included chapters on Spawning Technology;
Fingerling Production Technology; Biological, Engineering and Regulatory
Aspects; and Growout Technology. There is also an annotated bibliography
of publications related to red drum and a summary listing of state and federal
sources of information and assistance. Numerous charts, graphs, photos and
drawings help the reader understand the complexities of raising red drum.
1990-91
Practical Manual for Semi-intensive Commercial
Production of Marine Shrimp. Jose R. Villalon.
1991. 104 pages. $15. TAMU-SG-91-501.
Shrimp farming, the production of marine shrimp in
impoundments or ponds, has developed rapidly in recent years. More than
40 countries around the world now raise shrimp in ponds, and shrimp farmers
now produce 25 percent of the shrimp placed on world markets as compared
with only 2 percent in 1980. This expansion has been characterized by development
of improved technology, which has resulted in more efficient production
operations. This manual defines the basic principles and most important
steps in the pond culture of marine shrimp. Variations of these techniques
and principles can be used at different locations with different species
for both semi-intensive and, to some extent, intensive culture systems.
The book, tailored specifically for the field operator, describes the methods
used by a private company on a commercial scale to raise penaeid shrimp
successfully in earthen ponds from the fry or postlarval stages to market
size.
1992-93
Manual de Laboratorio Para el Cultivo de Larvas
de Camaron Penedio. Granvil D. Treece
y Michael E. Yates. (Spanish version of Laboratory Manual for the Culture
of Penaeid Shrimp Larvae.) Julio 1993. 83 paginas. $30.00. TAMU-SG-93-504.
(Available ONLY through Granvil Treece, Sea Grant College Program, 1716
Briarcrest Suite 603, Bryan, TX 77802.)
Disenada como suplemento al curso corto de Cultivo
de Camaron de la Universidad Texas A&M. Este manual de 83 paginas, fue
publicado por la Universidad Texas A&M en 1988 y actualizado en Enero
de 1990 y otra vez en 1993. Esta cargado con valiosos cuadros, tablas y
dibujos. El manual cubre los procedimeintos del laboratorio, cultivo de
larvas, las fisiologia de camaron, ablacion del ojo, cultivo de microalga,
cultivo de Artemia, enfermedades de larvas y el uso correcto del microscopio.
Tareas guian a los principiantes tecnicos de laboratorio; una lista de referencias
ofrecen fuentes de informacion adicional. Este manual esta disponible en
Ingles o Espanol.
Design, Operation and Training Manual for an Intensive
Culture Shrimp Hatchery. Granvil D. Treece
and Joe M. Fox. 1993. 187 pp, 67 black and white illustrations, 14 black
and white tables, 53 black and white figure illustrations. $20.00. TAMU-SG-93-505.
There is a perceived need for more written information
on intensive shrimp hatchery management, especially with Penaeus monodon
and Penaeus vannamei. The intent of this manual is to survey existing information
about intensive penaeid shrimp hatcheries to develop the production procedures
needed to maximize the efficiency of the hatchery and minimize the length
of time that it takes to train personnel in these procedures. The manual
is organized into three main parts (Design, Operation and Training) within
nine chapters. The 8 1/2 x 11-inch booklet is complete with worksheets,
graphs, tables and charts as well as complete photo illustrations of several
hatcheries.
1993-94
Texas Aquaculture: History and Growth Potential
for the 1990s. Granvil D. Treece. 1993.
44 pages. $5.00. GT-103.
This report describes some of the history and the
status of aquaculture in Texas, giving shrimp production figures through
the 1994 season. It includes an overview of general aspects of governmental
regulation, natural resources and infrastructure in the state, and gives
information about each species currently being grown, with recent developments
that are considered pertinent.
1994-95
Manual Practico para la Produccion Comercial Semi-intensive
de Camaron Marino. Jose R. Villalon. 1994.
(Spanish translation of Practical Manual for Semi-intensive Commercial Production
of Marine Shrimp.) 122 paginas. $30.00. TAMU-SG-95-501.
Esta manual es productor de ocho anos de experiencia
gerencial en una empresa camaronera, verticalmente integrada, en Ecuador.
Facil de leer, contiene una guia detallada del "como" manejar
estanques de camaron en condiciones semi-intensivas. Eficientemente escrito,
tiene 12 capitulos concisos en sus 122 paginas (216 x 279 mm), 83 fotos
en blanco y negro (la mayoria 81 x 60 mm), 27 dibujos, 11 formularios para
monitorear informacion y 15 cuandros. El manual cubre todos los aspectos
de las produccion comercial en granjas incluyendo; las desinfeccion de estanques,
las preparaciones de estanques, procedimientos especificos previa a la siembra,
el transportacion de postlarva, aclimatacion, recepcion de postlarva, la
siembra de precriaderos, transferencia de juveniles, siembras directa de
estanques, y el manejo y cosecha de los estanques. Este manual esta disponible
por un precio muy attractivo, cuesta US $30.00 (incluyendo flete).
1995-96
Texas Shrimp Farming Short Course Materials.
$200.00 (including shipping). GT-100.
The course materials generally consist of 1,000 pages
of shrimp farming information bound in spiral notebooks. These materials
include notes and other handouts given by instructors; covers and tables
of contents and ordering instructions of new publications; bibliographies;
abstracts; lists of feed suppliers and feed mills, fish meal sources; pump
and other equipment suppliers; feed formulation programs; shrimp pathologists;
financing and marketing information; seafood processors list; shrimp brokers
list; shrimp species of commercial importance; common products and packaging
requirements; U.S. quality standards for frozen shrimp; list of aquaculture
books of special interest with titles, authors, subject index; shrimp processing
information and suppliers of processing equipment; shrimp prices and trends;
new research; economic aspects of shrimp farming; reproduction of shrimp;
hatchery technology; algae productions techniques; copies of current articles
from periodicals concerning shrimp; aquaculture outlook information; other
training courses in related areas; and many more topics.
A Guide to the Financial Analysis of Shrimp Farming
(Spreadsheet for Micro Computers). 1996.
Wade L. Griffin and Granvil D. Treece. $25.00. GT-106.
This computer program assists the user in conducting
an economic feasibility analysis of a saltwater shrimp farm. A financial
analysis is conducted for a hypothetical intensive shrimp farm on the Texas
coast. The printout of the analysis accompanying the diskette shows the
results of the analysis and a "read me" file explains how to use
the model and how to customize it to suit the user's needs. The model includes
seven tables: Unit Cost, Production and Financial Assumptions; Construction
and Equipment Needs; Farm Production and Inputs Used; Capital Transactions
and Various Financial Assumptions; Pro Forma Cash Flow Budget (Profit and
Financial Return); Pro Forma Balance Sheet; and Pro Forma Income Statement
(break-even analysis, sensitivity analysis). This model is developed in
a fully integrated spreadsheet. If, for example, the user wants to change
the stocking density, the model will automatically make all the changes
to the cash flow, balance sheet, income statement and rate of return. The
program is available on a 3 1/2-inch diskette for either Macintosh (Excel
3.0 or newer) or IBM/PC (Excel 3.0 or newer or Lotus 3.0 or newer). System
type must be specified when ordering.
Intensive Algae Culture Techniques.
Linda L. Smith, Joe M. Fox and Granvil D. Treece. In CRC Handbook of Mariculture,
Crustacean Aquaculture, Second Edition, Vol. 1, 3-13 (1993). TAMU-SG-96-808.
Describes the process of raising algae as food for
penaeid shrimp larvae using intensive culture techniques.
The Production of Live-Food Organisms for Fishes.
Granvil D. Treece. In Production of Aquatic Animals: Fishes, 369-382 (1995).
TAMU-SG-96-809.
This reprint describes the techniques used to produce
live feed for marine finfishes. An area of major concern in fish hatcheries
is the provision of a dependable, nutritionally complete, economical food
source for the fish larvae. Culture techniques, critical parameters, recommended
feeding techniques and economics are discussed for microalgae, zooplankton
and Artemia.
Intensive Larviculture Techniques.
Linda L. Smith, Joe M. Fox, Granvil D. Treece and James P. McVey. In CRC
Handbook of Mariculture, Crustacean Aquaculture, Second Edition, Vol. 1,
153-172 (1993). TAMU-SG-96-810.
Describes the process of raising penaeid shrimp larvae
using intensive culture techniques.